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Forest composition, structure, and dynamics at any particular elevation reflect human influences, environmental variables, and recurrent hurricanes. Over the same gradient, six ecological life zones are encountered, ranging from subtropical dry forest to subtropical lower montane rain forest. With ascent, mean annual rainfall increases five-fold and mean annual temperature declines by about 6☌. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.Ībstract: Forest composition and structure from sea level to the >1000 m summits of the Luquillo Mountains in northeastern Puerto Rico is a function of climatic gradients in rainfall, temperature, and cloud cover as well as regional land use history, including past agricultural activities and conservation efforts. Ecological gradient analyses in a tropical landscape. Title: Forest vegetation along environmental gradients in northeastern Puerto RicoĪuthor(s): Peter L.